陈瑶生:育种本质是优选优配!新品种的差异化商业价值是其持续发展的根基
“目前大多数培育的优质猪新品种的产肉效率和商品价值不一定比得上现有品种,但一定要有差异化的异化市场发展空间。” 2023年12月11-13日,价值第二十二届广东种业大会暨“百千万工程”种业交易中心启动、其持第五十届养猪产业大会(广州)在柯木塱召开。根基会上,陈瑶国家生猪产业技术体系首席专家、生育商业中山大学陈瑶生教授表示所有的种本质优展育种方法都离不开纯种选育,个体育种值评定是选优续育种的基石,全基因组等新技术都是配新品种为更准确的选种提供信息。
国家生猪产业技术体系首席专家、中山大学教授陈瑶生
新品种育成是新的起点
种猪育种方法包括杂交育种、纯种选育和配套系培育三种。据陈瑶生介绍,杂交育种是多品种、品系基因资源聚合,纯种选育则是现有品种、品系的相对封闭纯种遗传性能的持续提升,而配套系培育则是在现有品种、品系纯种选育强化加性遗传效应基础上开展杂交配合力测定,优选杂交配套组合形成相对固定的杂交配套系。
所有育种方法的基础都离不开纯种选育。陈瑶生介绍,在杂交育种过程中,资源聚合后需要稳定遗传特性才能形成品种,基因编辑等新的生物技术只是快速获得新遗传变异的一个途径。全基因组选择可以为纯种选育提供新的信息,让相对封闭纯种遗传性能持续提升,加快育种步伐。
育种的本质是优选优配,种业是产业发展的基础。以乡下黑猪为例,新品种的育成只是新的起点。在新品种培育过程中,资源拥有是新品种培育的基础,而符合品种自身特点的数字化育种体系则是育种的保障。“育种+品牌”双轮驱动是新品种产业化的必由之路。
陈瑶生作《乡下黑猪的育种经验分享》报告
地方猪必须要有强大的产业化能力支撑
地方猪是我国的宝贵资源,大多数以肉质优良、较强的抗逆性、有较强的非常规饲料资源利用能力,但大多数地方猪种的纯种育种基础十分薄弱,育种体系欠缺。
陈瑶生认为地方猪资源利用可以分为两个方向。一方面,本品种的纯种选育重点是提高遗传一致性,主要作为杂交母本利用。另一方面是作为遗传资源进行杂交育种,培育含地方猪血缘不同比例的新品种。“地方猪必须要有强大的产业化能力支撑才能有足够规模开展有效的育种工作。”
地方猪育种改良仍然面临难题。陈瑶生认为,主要表现在三个方面,一是核心群规模小,持续选育差,近交控制难;二是纯种选育程度低,杂交配合力低,产品一致性较差;三是选育进展慢,新技术应用缺乏。
参会嘉宾聚精会神听报告
育种数字化体系:需求导向确定目标
产业化扩张基础是本品种选育提高,而数字化育种能够根据需求导向确定育种目标。陈瑶生表示,目前优质猪市场偏爱商品代全黑、肉质优良,通常地方猪血缘不低于50%。在育种过程中,多数地方品种需要将繁殖性能列为主选性状,维持品种的特性,提高种猪繁殖力,增强遗传一致性。
数字化育种技术体系能实现种猪准确的遗传评估,大幅提高育种效率和种猪性能,
广东小耳花猪是我国地方猪数字化育种体系建设的一个典范。通过地方资源聚合、育种群的持续选育、纯种群选育,培育出被毛全黑,头中等大,背腰平直的新品种。他表示,新品种培育只是起点,要保证分系培育潜力,快速扩张规模,确保培育品种在优质猪生产中的比例。
最后,陈瑶生指出,广东地区的生猪产业具有非常好的基础,龙头企业也为广东在种猪国家队里做出贡献。要发挥地方品种资源优势,为我国生猪种业自主自强探索出一条产学研深度融合、赋能生猪种业创新发展的特色道路,开拓创新建设种业强省。
【统筹】彭进
【记者】杨影
【来源】南方农村报 南方+
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