刘耀光院士:生物育种步入快速发展新时代
12月12日,第二十二届广东种业大会暨“百千万工程”种业交易中心启动在广州市柯木塱举行。物育在广东种业创新发展论坛上,种步展新中国科学院院士、入快华南农业大学教授刘耀光作了《从常规育种到生物育种:实践、刘耀挑战与展望》的光院主旨报告。
他表示,士生速发时代农业生物育种正在步入快速发展的物育新时代,已经成为新一轮核心竞争力的种步展新重大战略选择。若把传统育种和生物育种相结合,入快可加速育种进程。刘耀
中国科学院院士、华南农业大学教授刘耀光
基因编辑让精准育种成为可能
生物育种是农业核心技术之一,是发展现代种业、解决粮食安全问题的重要工具。而基因编辑技术则是近几年来蓬勃发展的新兴技术之一。
“由于基因编辑技术可以实现对特定目标基因进点‘编辑’,改变基因功能,因此所有跟生命有关的研究和产业都可以被此技术赋能。农作物高效精准育种成为可能。”刘耀光表示。
通过多年研究,刘耀光团队摸清了基因调控网络,并研发出高效的植物多重基因编辑载体系统,被超900家实验室广泛使用;也开发出一站式基因编辑设计与结果分析在线软件工具箱,被全球科研机构访问使用超过400万次。
这些基因编辑工具也已经被大量用于多种植物功能研究和遗传改良。比如团队当前已发现了水稻稻瘟病负调控基因、水稻两系杂交稻不育基因、大豆油份组成基因,通过编辑这些特定基因,就可以改良品种品质。
同时,通过基因编辑微量调整目标性状如作物的株高、生育期、直链淀粉含量等的控制基因,即可改善品种表现。
基础研究与技术还需加强
2016年美国农业部批准了一种基因编辑改良的食用双孢菇;2020年美国农业部批准Pairwise公司的一种基因编辑改良芥菜;2021年,日本Sanatech Seed公司推出基因编辑西红柿......基因编辑技术在农作物领域的应用一直在不断发展,而且前景广阔。
相较于传统育种技术,基因编辑技术更精确、速度更快、成效更有预见性,且其简化的安全评价程序和较低的研发成本让育种家们对其更加青睐。
然而当前产业发展还面临挑战。刘耀光表示,做基因编辑最重要的是知道什么基因控制什么性状。因此基础研究方面还需要进一步加强,发现更多的作物优良性状基因,尤其是优良性状的负调控基因。
其次,基因编辑底层工具大部分是没有自主知识产权,在这方面还要开发自有底层专利的新基因编辑工具,开发更高效的基因定点插入/替换技术。
在政策方面,需不断完善基因编辑作物管理法规。“这些规章要科学有据且能够与当前政策区分开,并利于农作物生物技术育种的健康发展。”刘耀光说。
今年,我国发放了首个基因编辑(高油酸)大豆的生物安全证书,且近几年陆续发放了多批转基因抗除草剂和抗虫的大豆和玉米品种的生物安全证书,在全国多地区进行小、中规模的种植,表现良好。刘耀光认为,农业生物育种正在步入快速发展的新时代,期待生物育种和传统育种的结合能够更高效地推动农作物育种进程。
广东种业创新发展论坛
【记者】喻珺
【摄影】谭家富 吴秒衡
【来源】南方农村报
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